seismic interpreter (geology)

Seismic interpreters work from surveys which involve sending pulses of sound energy down through layers of rock beneath the earth's surface. The energy which bounces back is recorded. Acquired data is then processed by seismic data processors and sent to seismic interpreters for analysis.
Seismic interpreters combine the use of 2D, 3D and 4D models with their geological knowledge to calculate the depth and outline of underground formations in order to make estimates of mineral or carbon deposits. These are used by energy or minerals extraction companies or to inform environmental assessments or geological research if working in other settings.

Typical work activities

Tasks typically involve:

• interpreting data of seismic sections (3D and 2D sections of the earth's crust) from surveys, satellites and acoustic measurements;
• using data to generate maps and cross sections of the earth's structure to locate oil-bearing strata, etc.;
• analysing and generating scientific and numerical data;
• working with reservoir engineers to evaluate hydrocarbon prospects - looking at how much oil and gas there is, how easy it is to get to, and what difficulties and hazards might be encountered;
• predicting any changes, movements and flow in the rock structures where the hydrocarbons are present;
• conducting detailed analyses of current exploration fields for data that may have a bearing on new wells, looking at how productive they are likely to be and whether there may be any structural problems to consider;
• using a combination of well and seismic data to convert map structures from time to depth in order to know how deep drilling needs to be;
• using seismic data to collect information about rock quality and volume (seismic reflections come back in different strengths, according to whether the subsurface material is sand, shells, water, oil, etc.) in order to measure how much oil or gas is likely to be in a given structure;
• analysing seismic data for sub-surface engineering applications;
• interpreting seismic data for environmental assessments and geological research;
• writing scientific reports;
• delivering technical presentations to clients at the end of a project;
• using specialised equipment to assess the physical properties of rock;
• using a variety of highly sophisticated computer systems;
• using computer modelling to simulate hydrocarbon generation and seismic responses of specific structures;
• occasionally working on the development of specialised interpretation software;
• using information from one oil basin (area of oil deposit) to locate potential in others;
• advising and consulting with clients and colleagues;
• supervising and training staff in the techniques listed above;
• sharing information within a multidisciplinary team.

• Typical starting salaries are between £20,000 and £30,000. Salaries often increase significantly after initial training (salary data collected Dec 09). In addition, many companies pay a comprehensive range of benefits to their employees and families.
• After several years' experience salaries of £50,000-£70,000 are not uncommon (salary data collected Dec 09). However, there is wide variation depending on the nature of the company and location. For a detailed survey of salaries worldwide see the website of the Society of Petroleum Engineers .
• Working hours are mainly nine to five, but additional hours may be required at key stages during a project or when a deadline must be met.
• The majority of the work is office based.
• Many roles are permanent, but companies also offer long-term contracts with higher rates of pay. Recruitment depends on the changing demand for oil, which is currently buoyant.
• The industry is still male dominated with the majority of jobs at all levels being carried out by men. However, the number of women is increasing and there are large variations in gender balance from company to company.
• Geographical mobility is important as exploration and production sites move to new locations around the world. Large companies provide accommodation and support for families in residential postings around the globe.
• English is usually the language used for business in offices worldwide. In the UK, the majority of jobs are based around London or Aberdeen.
• A number of companies have sites in many parts of the world and on any oil field there is likely to be a culturally diverse workforce.
• The work may not be stressful on a daily basis, but there will be extremely busy times, such as when a drilling proposal is being put together, or when a problem arises.
• Occasionally the work can become dangerous in the sense that oil is a politically sensitive commodity, so outbreaks of international tension may have an effect on the location or the day-to-day working conditions for employees.

cartographer (geography)

A cartographer is involved with the scientific, technological and artistic aspects of developing and producing maps. Cartographers present complex information as diagrams, charts and spreadsheets, as well as in the form of conventional maps. Geographical information systems (GIS) and digital-mapping techniques now dominate the role.
Maps and detailed geographical information are needed for a range of purposes, from everyday use by individuals to large-scale industrial development.
Cartographers work within a variety of areas, including publishing, government, surveying and conservation. The role varies widely from the development and design of geographical information to more strategic and technical work.

Typical work activities

The traditional methods employed in map-making have been superseded by the use of IT, enabling the generation and manipulation of dynamic images on screen. These developments have led to changes in the nature of the profession: within map-making, almost all the data is now collected and transmitted electronically, whereas in cartographic illustration the change has been less marked. In commercial cartographic publishing, the work has more in common with book publishing, requiring innovative design skills.
A cartographer's role can vary widely; from the technical role of the development, maintenance and manipulation of cartographic databases to the promotion of effective and efficient visualisation of geospatial information, to the design of bespoke maps.
Typical work activities may include:

• designing maps, graphics, illustrations and layouts;
• communicating information through the use of colour, symbols, style and other means;
• using computers to compile and produce graphs for specialist and general users;
• researching, selecting and evaluating map source data for use in the preparation or revision of maps and charts to various scales;
• analysing and evaluating mappable information;
• liaising with surveyors and designers;
• collating data provided by remote sensing techniques (the means by which spatial and environmental data about the earth are acquired by sensors located in satellites and aircraft);
• operating a photogrammetric plotting instrument or a digital photogrammetric workstation (DPW), which views the photographs stereoscopically, or in a 3D format;
• design, maintenance and manipulation of geographical information (GI) databases;
• working with geographical information systems (GIS) to see, model and analyse landscape features;
• using desktop publishing packages to edit and formulate information;
• capturing, maintaining and outputting digital geographic data;
• generalising map data to allow for a reduction in scale (derived mapping);
• checking and appraising the content and accuracy of maps, charts and printing proofs;
• keeping up to date with emerging specialist software;
• as seniority increases, managing projects, staff and resources

• Range of typical starting salaries: £15,000 - £18,000.
• Range of salaries with three to five years' experience: £20,000 - £25,000.
• Range of typical salaries at senior levels: £30,000 - £45,000.
• Salaries and conditions vary between employers and between the public and private sectors.
• Working hours are mainly nine to five, usually based in an office, at a workstation. Flexi-time is common. While many of the more junior roles in cartography are information or desk-based, at senior levels there may be more interaction with other departments or clients.
• The level of pressure varies according to role, though it is likely to rise when meeting publication or project completion deadlines.
• Short-term contracts are increasingly common in the private sector.
• Consultancy work is possible with considerable experience. Academic opportunities are scarce.
• A small number of cartographers with experience go on to run their own companies or work on a self-employed basis.
• Jobs are mainly available in south and southeast England, for example, in government departments, especially those involved in cartographical publishing.
• Geographical mobility, in order to move laterally across the job market, may be necessary in your early career.
• Travel within the working day is sometimes needed, but overnight absences and overseas travel are uncommon.

town planner

Town planner : Job description

Planners are involved in making long and short-term decisions about the management and development of cities, town, villages and the countryside. They aim to balance the conflicting demands of housing, industrial development, agriculture, recreation, transport and the environment, in order to allow appropriate development to take place.

Planners are at the heart of regeneration within towns and cities, taking into account the often competing views of business and local communities. In rural areas they must ensure that development is sustainable, and that the right balance of development is achieved to preserve the countryside. The work of planners also makes a positive contribution to tackling the effects of climate change.

Typical work activities

Planning is a broad area of work that requires many different skills. Some planners specialise in a particular area of work, such as protecting the historical environment or urban design. In general, key planning activities include:

• developing creative and original planning solutions to satisfy all parties;
• consulting with stakeholders and other interested parties and negotiating with developers and other professionals, such as surveyors and architects;
• assessing planning applications and enforcing and monitoring outcomes as necessary;
• researching and designing planning policies to guide development;
• researching and analysing data to help inform strategic developments, such as increases in affordable housing provision;
• designing layouts and drafting design statements;
• using information technology systems such as CAD (computer-aided design) or GIS (geographical information systems);
• attending and presenting at planning boards and appeals and at public inquiries;
• keeping up to date with legislation associated with land use;
• promoting environmental education and awareness, which may include helping disadvantaged groups express their opinions about planning issues and proposals, and visiting sites to assess the effects of proposals on people or the environment;
• scheduling available resources to meet planning targets;
• writing reports, often of a complex nature, which make recommendations or explain detailed regulations - these reports may be for a range of groups, from borough councils to regional assemblies, or members of the public.

• Range of typical starting salaries for newly qualified planners (graduate or assistant planners): £16,000 - £28,000. Members of the Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI)  (chartered planners) may start higher on the salary scale than non-members.
• Range of typical salaries for principal planners and team leaders: £29,000 - £45,000.
• In the public sector, chief planning officers, heads of departments and directors can earn between £55,000 and £80,000, and occasionally more.
• Public sector employment often includes a generous holiday entitlement and pension scheme. Other benefits may include essential car user allowances, flexible working hours, home-based working and job share and, in London, interest-free season ticket loans.
• Private sector pay is comparable with public sector pay. The private sector has greater flexibility to offer performance-related pay, profit share and other additional benefits, although annual leave entitlement and pension schemes may be less generous than in the public sector.
• Working hours vary according to the sector and work levels. Normal working hours apply (e.g. nine to five) in many cases. More senior positions require additional commitment. Flexitime is often available, particularly in the public sector. There may be considerable contact with the public, politicians and pressure groups, which may on occasion involve evening or weekend meetings.
• The work is largely office-based, but many planners make site visits, meet clients and attend external meetings.
• The male/female ratio is generally evenly balanced.
• Career breaks and job shares are possible.
• Self-employment or freelance work is an option for experienced planners. A specialism can help you stand out from competitors, although it is important to have a diverse client base to maximise opportunities for income.
• Jobs are available in most areas of the UK as every local authority employs planners. Planning consultancies are also located throughout the UK.
• Travel within a working day to meetings or site visits can form part of the job, but overnight absence from home is rarely necessary. Overseas work may be required occasionally with some consultancies.

minerals surveyor (geology,geography,survaying,aprentership)

Minerals surveyor : Job description

Minerals surveyors are concerned with the use, value, management and exploration of mineral deposits, as well as the mapping and recording of the extent of mineral extraction. They prepare initial surveys to determine the economic viability of a potential site and support planning applications, taking possible environmental effects, such as air and water pollution, into account.

Mineral surveyors are involved with a huge variety of operations including working with mines, quarries, peat workings, mineral processing plants, onshore oil and gas installations, methane extraction sites, mine water treatment plants, brickworks, concrete and cement works, waste transfer stations, recycling centers, and waste incinerators.

Minerals surveyors manage and develop quarries and mines, carrying out detailed surveys to enable valuations of the mineral content. They also work on landfill and waste management sites, and ensure all workings are safe and negotiate legal contracts to establish rights to work in a mine.

Typical work activities

Typical work activities include:

• carrying out initial surveys, risk assessments and environmental impact assessments on potential sites to assess whether plans are workable;
• providing advice on developing and managing mineral sites safely and within regulations;
• exploring, mapping and developing sites for mineral extraction;
• researching land and tax records to establish site ownership;
• dealing with ownership rights and negotiating contracts to buy, lease or simply to provide access onto sites;
• undertaking exploration work, such as taking samples and recording results;
• providing valuations of mineral deposits;
• providing advice on how best to restore the landscape after extraction is complete;
• meeting with members of the public and providing information and advice to them as required;
• liaising with local authorities and preparing planning applications for clients;
• managing areas, such as mining sites, for owners;
• predicting the environmental effects and impacts of mining, including air pollution and destruction of the landscape;
• providing taxation advice, agreeing taxation levels on mineral assets and adjusting taxation agreements as required;
• creating strategies for the re-use of previous development sites;
• developing pollution licences;
• charting surface areas using global positioning systems (GPS), building accurate 3-D models using digital imaging and specialist CAD (computer-aided design) software to map the structure of a site;
• providing advice on how waste material should be disposed of.

Minerals surveyor : Salary and conditions

Range of typical starting salaries: £20,000 - £25,000 (salary data collected Aug 09).

• Range of typical salaries for those with experience and/or qualifications: £25,000 - £35,000 (salary data collected Aug 09).
• Range of typical salaries at senior level: £35,000 - £50,000+. (salary data collected Aug 09).
• Salaries vary considerably according to the location, sector and size of the employing organisation, with salaries normally higher in London. Local authority salaries are comparable and may include a final salary pension scheme.
• The working week is usually 35 - 45 hours, but may include early starts or late finishes. Some weekend working may be necessary to meet deadlines. Surveyors in the public sector will work similar hours, although flexi-time is generally available.
• The work is both office-based and conducted on site. Site visits and inspections are conducted outside in all weathers.
• Underground mine workings can be dark, damp, and cramped at times. Surface workings can be dirty and are exposed to the weather. Mining equipment can also be noisy.
• Safety regulations in mine workings must be strictly observed so hard hats, protective clothing and equipment must be used when on site.
• Self-employment and freelance work are possible but not widespread.
• Women are under-represented in the general surveying profession (currently only 11% of UK members are female, although 30% of student members are female (Feb 09)). In response to this, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) has set up the ‘Raising the Ratio’ task force to try to encourage more women to enter the profession.
• According to the 2008 2008 RICS and MacDonald & Company Salary and Benefits Survey , women’s salaries remain significantly less than their male counterparts, although the earnings gap has continued to narrow with women now earning 22% less than men, compared with 29% in 2005.
• Opportunities exist throughout the UK and abroad, essentially where minerals are found.
• The dress code tends to be conservative for meetings, and it is expected that surveyors will be smartly dressed even when visiting sites, although more appropriate clothing will be worn during underground mining inspections, for example.
• A reasonable level of fitness and mobility is required as the work can be physically demanding. Site inspections may involve climbing down into excavated areas or mine workings.
• There may be considerable travel within a working day, although absence from home overnight is uncommon. A company car is not usually offered, but mileage for site visits may be payable

geophysicist (geology)

Geophysicist/field seismologist : Job description

A geophysicist/field seismologist studies physical aspects of the earth and uses complex equipment to collect data on earthquakes and seismic waves, which move through and around the earth. The geophysicist's main responsibility is controlling data quality by monitoring displays and performing some initial interpretation.

Job descriptions vary according to the area of employment. The work may include:

• working within a research institute to investigate seismological structures and provide seismological information to the public and government;
• undertaking seismic exploration and producing controlled source seismic data for an oil company or consultancy;
• providing environmental consultancy, e.g., investigation of landfill sites, using geophysical techniques;
• supporting an equipment pool for UK academic seismologists within academia.

Typical work activities

Geophysicists work in the field, which may be onshore or offshore and typical work activities include:

• pre-planning projects before going on site;
• deciding on suitable seismic measurement and data processing techniques;
• taking equipment out to various locations around the world and deploying seismometers;
• observing the reaction of recording equipment to detect irregularities;
• using computers for data management, quality control and communication between the office and field locations;
• interpreting and reporting on collected data to the team, clients, senior managers or partners at meetings and presentations;
• thinking quickly and independently to solve problems, often with limited resources in remote locations;
• designing, testing, modifying and repairing seismic equipment; adapting data collection procedures;
• working closely with a small team of scientists and other staff who may be away in the field or offshore for several weeks at a time;
• compiling charts and reports;
• writing documentation and work logs;
• training and advising other users (mainly academics and PhD students);
• improving existing techniques in data acquisition and mathematical processing, as well as seeking to develop new techniques and methods  
• Range of typical starting salaries: £22,000 - £25,000 with a first degree and around £24,000 - £30,000 with an MSc/PhD (salary data collected April 09).
• Typical salary at senior level (after about six years), where the post holder is in charge of one or more major projects: £40,000 - £60,000 (salary data collected April 09).
• Salaries vary between industries. Salary levels will be approximately 10% - 30% higher in commercial companies, such as oil service companies.
• In a UK office-based role, hours are generally nine to five, but you will be expected to be flexible. At sea, the working day is 12 hours. You may also be called on during your free time if there is an urgent need. Sea trips typically last for four to six weeks but may take considerably longer or be as short as one day.
• Working arrangements vary between companies and roles. Geophysicists who work in offices and laboratories can expect safe, comfortable working conditions and 40-hour work weeks. Those who are involved in exploration geophysics can expect very different working conditions, which may involve time abroad or at sea followed by a similar length of time on leave and then the same length of time office-based. In an exploration role as a contractor, you can generally expect six weeks on and six weeks off.
• Part-time work is very rare but freelance consultancy or setting up your own consultancy practice are real possibilities, provided you make the right contacts.
• The proportion of men working in the sector is higher than women. Women can join and be represented by the Royal Astronomical Society Committee for Women in Astronomy and Geophysics (RAS CWiAG), www.sstd.rl.ac.uk/rascwiag/.
• Geophysical exploration companies are based across the UK, with a high proportion in Aberdeen and on the south-east coast of England.
• Dress code depends on whether you work in an office or on site.
• Site work will involve extensive absence from home and overseas work and travel as well as high levels of responsibility and stress. There are possibilities for relocation but this very much depends on your career choices and plans.
• The role can involve lots of travel working abroad or at sea depending on whether you work in exploration or laboratories and academia.

hydrogeologist

Hydrogeologist : Job description

Job description Hydrogeologists study the distribution, flow and quality of water underground (as opposed to hydrologists who are primarily concerned with surface water). This involves:

• interpreting technical data and information from maps and historical documents to build a conceptual model of groundwater flow and quality;
• designing and completing an investigation (which may include environmental measurement and sampling or an ongoing monitoring regime) in order to confirm or develop the model;
• using modelling techniques to enable predictions to be made about future trends and impacts in groundwater flow and quality.

The work of a hydrogeologist ultimately leads to better management of natural resources or better protection of the groundwater.
Typical work activities
The work of a hydrogeologist can vary considerably according to the sector, employer and area of specialism, but general work activities may include:

• applying a knowledge of fundamental geology to develop an understanding of how the rock types and structure in an area impact on groundwater occurrence and movement;
• understanding and interpreting maps, geographical data, historical evidence and models to build up a picture of the groundwater regime and/or land contamination, often based on incomplete information;
• using computers to model groundwater flow, chemistry and temperature according to geological formations, surface water flow and man-made influence;
• undertaking field work and site visits for investigative and monitoring purposes;
• designing and commissioning boreholes, and sampling and measuring groundwater and surface water;
• undertaking environment impact assessments of groundwater abstraction and management activities;
• analysing collected information to assess and/or predict the impact of activities such as landfills, construction developments, mining or agriculture on groundwater quality and resource availability;
• liaising with other hydrogeologists, hydrologists, ecologists, engineers and other professionals in related fields;
• ensuring compliance with environmental legislation and keeping up to date with technological and legislative developments;
• writing reports for clients, which can be understood by people who don’t necessarily have a technical background;
• answering technical queries and providing advice to clients and the public in writing and over the telephone; managing projects and contractors;
• working within health and safety guidelines.

Hydrogeologists working for charities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs) overseas may be involved with activities including:

• finding new water supplies for remote villages or refugee camps;
• siting new wells;
• testing water quality;
• protecting water supplies from pollution;
• decontaminating wells

Engineering geology

Engineering geologists are concerned with the detailed technical analysis of earth material and the risk assessment of geological hazards. Their role is to ensure that geological factors affecting engineering works are identified and provided for.
They assess the integrity of soil, rock, groundwater and other natural conditions prior to major construction projects. They also advise on procedures required for such developments and the suitability of appropriate construction materials.
Engineering geologists are also involved with analysing sites and designs for environmentally sensitive developments, such as landfill sites. By monitoring development areas and analysing ground conditions, they ensure that structures can be secure in the short and long term.

Typical work activities

Typical activities cover three key areas:

• consulting geological maps and aerial photographs to advise on site selection;
• assisting with the design of built structures, using specialised computer software or calculations;
• collating data and producing reports;
• overseeing the progress of specific contracts;
• planning detailed field investigations by drilling and analysing samples of deposits/bedrock;
• supervising site/ground investigations and budgets;
• making visits to new project sites;
• advising on and testing a range of construction materials, for example sand, gravel, bricks and clay;
• making recommendations on the proposed use of a site and providing information;
• advising on problems such as subsidence;
• managing staff, including other engineering geologists, geotechnical engineers, consultants and contractors;
• attending professional conferences and representing the company or organisation at other events

• Typical starting salaries: from £25,000.
• Range of typical salaries at senior level/with experience: £40,000 - £50,000.
• Higher pay is generally in the private sector within oil and gas industries, off-shore work and employment in ‘risky’ or remote locations.
• Working hours usually include regular extra hours, but rarely weekends or shifts. Longer working hours are more common within the private sector. Allowances for overseas work are paid, but overtime is commonly not.
• During the early stages of a career, work is mainly on-site with some laboratory and office work. This gradually reverses with managerial responsibilities. The balance between office and site also depends on the type of work done by the employing company: working for a site investigation company is likely to mean more time spent on site, compared to working for a consultancy.
• Physical conditions can be challenging (e.g. working with various pieces of equipment on unfamiliar ground).
• There is a high level of responsibility in the job because professional judgements have serious financial and public safety implications.
• There are increasing opportunities to work on a self-employed/freelance basis in the field. Experience and special expertise can lead to consultancy work.
• Career breaks are rare and part-time work is unlikely.
• Jobs are quite widely available in most parts of the UK as most consultancies have regional offices. Overall, the South East has the highest number of opportunities.
• Being mobile and prepared to move around to gain promotion is often necessary for career development.
• Travel within a working day and absence from home overnight are frequent. Overseas work is most likely within petroleum and mining or quarrying industries.

geoscientist (geology)

A geoscientist interprets geophysical, geochemical and geological data to develop models of the earth's subsurface with the aim of discovering commercially viable and exploitable reserves of natural resources, such as oil and gas. Geoscientists provide the foundation for the exploration and production of natural resources and for the discovery, development and management of water supplies. They are also involved in the production of reserves and may provide specialist advice for engineering projects.
Geoscientists work in a variety of roles within the natural resources sector. Terms such as geophysicist, geochemist and sedimentologist are also used for specialist roles within geoscience.

Typical work activities

In the natural resources sector, geoscientists find commercially viable oil and gas reserves by assessing the characteristics of the earth's subsurface. They are involved not only in the exploration and appraisal of new areas, feasibility studies and field development planning of the discovered fields, but also in optimising recovery from the producing field.
Although geoscientists’ roles vary, tasks typically include:

• collecting information in the field, from seismic and well data and other sources;
• monitoring the acquisition of data to ensure consistent quality;
• interpreting data to determine subsurface geology and the economic importance of natural resources, using sophisticated technical software;
• developing geological models of the earth's subsurface to understand the geological structure, rock characteristics and the likely distribution of oil/gas/mineral-bearing strata;
• interpreting the results in consultation with other earth science professionals;
• assessing the potential quality of mineral and hydrocarbon resources;
• collaborating with drilling engineers to determine drilling locations on the basis of the interpretation of the data and models developed;
• producing and presenting geological maps and reports;
• performing detailed geological risk analysis of proposed exploration targets;
• planning and undertaking an exploration drilling programme, after collecting and modelling all available data;
• planning the location and trajectory of development wells and putting well proposals together in conjunction with the multidisciplinary team;
• creating new opportunities to access remaining reserves;
• implementing new technologies in geological modelling and seismic processing;
• advising engineers and senior management on geological factors affecting exploration.

The day-to-day tasks of geoscientists working in exploration and production are similar, but those working in exploration deal with a larger number of sites and a wider spread of data and use satellite imagery, and gravity and magnetic surveys to evaluate a whole basin. In production, geoscientists concentrate on sites that are already operational, making assessments on the basis of well core and well fluid samples.
As oil resources decline, the role of the geoscientist will change from exploration-dominated to production-dominated employment.

Range of typical starting salaries: £30,000 - £35,000, depending on level of qualification on entry (salary data collected Jun 09). This usually increases significantly following completion of necessary training.

Range of typical salaries at senior level: £50,000 - £70,000 rising to £60,000 - £120,000 at management level with over ten years’ experience (salary data collected Jun 09).

Salaries vary considerably according to sector, employer's business and location, and level of qualification (graduates will generally have either an MSc or PhD). When positions are based offshore or in risky or remote locations, this is often reflected in higher salaries. The best paid jobs are in major oil companies, but some consultancies pay well too. It is usual to receive a variety of benefits, such as overseas allowances and share options. Pay is occasionally performance-related.

Unsocial, irregular and long hours may sometimes be required and are a common feature of work overseas. Geoscientists may need to be contactable to assess data and assist the wellsite geologist in making decisions about drilling, which takes place 24 hours a day.

Physical conditions may sometimes be tough and demanding. Geoscientists are predominantly land-based, but make occasional visits to rigs to collect data directly and carry out quality control checks on the sampling procedures.

Self-employment and freelance work are sometimes possible. For example, freelancers may be able to get interpreting contracts. It is also possible to establish your own consultancy after considerable experience in a particular field, such as base metal exploration or sedimentology.

Women are quite well represented in European-based processing and appraisal work with oil companies, and their numbers are increasing, particularly at entry level, although it is still less usual to find women working in positions overseas.

Jobs are available in restricted locations. In the UK, interpreting is mainly based in South East England and Aberdeen. Positions are available worldwide in oil and mineral exploration and there are small specialist consultancies across the UK. Minerals exploration is almost exclusively overseas

geology prospects

Geology is a multidisciplinary subject which promotes an understanding of the processes that shape the natural world and the way they affect and are affected by human activities. It draws upon both natural and social sciences to examine issues concerning the availability and sustainability of resources. Geology students are thus able to look at problems from a wide perspective. In recent years it has also become an increasingly quantitative subject which has enhanced its value in the wider world.
Geology courses not only give you specific knowledge related to your programme of study but also develop a wide variety of graduate key skills which are sought after by many employers. These include:

• producing, analysing and summarising information;
• applying knowledge and understanding to complex and multidimensional problems in familiar and unfamiliar contexts;
• receiving and responding to a variety of information sources (e.g. textual, numerical, oral, graphical);
• communicating appropriately to a variety of audiences using written, oral and graphical methods;
• preparing, processing, interpreting and presenting data, using appropriate qualitative and quantitative techniques and packages;
• solving numerical problems using computer and non-computer based techniques;
• planning, conducting and reporting on investigations;
• undertaking field and laboratory investigations in a responsible and safe manner, paying due attention to risk assessment, rights of access, relevant health and safety regulations, and sensitivity to the impact of investigations on the environment and stakeholders;
• identifying individual and collective goals and responsibilities and performing in a manner appropriate to these roles.

Consider the skills developed on your course as well as through your other activities, such as paid work, volunteering, family responsibilities, sport, membership of societies, leadership roles, etc. Think about how these can be used as evidence of your skills and personal attributes. Then you can start to market and sell who you really are, identify what you may be lacking and consider how to improve your profile.

Jobs directly related to your degree

• Geoscientist - interprets geophysical, geochemical and geological data to develop models of the earth's subsurface with the aim of discovering commercially viable and exploitable reserves of natural resources, such as oil and gas.
• Wellsite geologist - studies rock cuttings from oil and gas wells to determine what rock formations are being drilled into and how drilling should proceed. Wellsite geologists identify critical strata from core samples and rock-cutting data and build up knowledge of the structure being drilled.
• Hydrogeologist - investigates the occurrence, circulation and distribution of water flowing through the ground. The role involves studying the quality of groundwater for both natural and man-made constituents and studying how contaminants move through the ground.
• Seismic interpreter - calculates the depth and outline of underground formations in order to make estimates of mineral or carbon deposits for use by energy or minerals extraction companies. Seismic interpreters play a crucial role in ensuring that investment in exploration and production is directed to the right locations.
• Mudlogger - collects and monitors information from drilling operations, such as drilling data, gas and samples, using a range of equipment and laboratory techniques including binocular microscopes, ultraviolet fluorescence and thin section analysis.
• Geochemist - analyses samples of soil, rock and other natural materials to monitor developments in the earth's composition and develop information about the age, nature and structure of specific geographical locations.
• Engineering geologist - concerned with the detailed technical analysis and broad scientific assessment of the impact of a development on its site and population. Engineering geologists assess the integrity of soil, rock, groundwater and other natural conditions prior to major construction schemes.
• Geophysicist/field seismologist - uses complex equipment to collect data on earthquakes and seismic waves, which move through and around the earth. A geophysicist's main responsibility is controlling data quality by monitoring displays and performing some initial interpretation. 

Jobs where your degree would be useful

• Minerals surveyor - provides valuation services related to mineral-bearing land, extraction sites and waste management sites. Minerals surveyors also advise on developing and managing mineral sites safely and within regulations and on restoring the landscape after extraction is complete.
• Geophysical data processor - uses computer technology to convert raw geophysical data (usually large volumes of seismic data) into a user-friendly format. This is then analysed to determine sub-surface geology and used to identify potential oil-bearing rock layers.
• Drilling engineer - develops, plans, costs, schedules and supervises the operations necessary to the process of drilling oil and gas wells, from initial well design to testing, completion and abandonment.
• Environmental consultant - works on client contracts in areas such as water pollution, air and land contamination, environmental impact assessment, environmental audit, waste management, environmental policy, ecological/land management and environmental management. 

Other options

The skills you develop on your geology course, such as problem-solving, lateral thinking, resilience, teamworking and communication are highly prized. As businesses respond to increasingly stringent European Union directives and environmental issues become a higher priority, new opportunities are arising in a wide range of sectors. Some graduates choose to enhance their qualifications by undertaking paid or voluntary work on short-term environmental projects in the UK or abroad. Whether or not you decide to continue in the geology field, a period spent gaining work experience or shadowing can help you make decisions about your future career and you will also find it motivating when you apply your expertise to solve problems in a different context.
A 2010 HESA survey of 2009 graduates indicates that six months after graduation, just over 40% of geology graduates were in UK or overseas employment. Of these, around 20% found jobs in retail, catering, waiting and bar staff, more than 14% work in scientific research analysis and development. Around 10% were employed in the commercial, industrial and public sectors and 10% in other professional roles. A further 9% took up employment in clerical and secretarial positions.
Many geology graduates enter professions directly related to their degree. Popular roles include exploration and production, water supply, environmental engineering and geological surveying.
Although some of the jobs listed here might not be first jobs for many graduates, they are among the many realistic possibilities with your degree, provided you can demonstrate you have the attributes employers are looking for. Bear in mind that it’s not just your degree discipline that determines your options. Remember that many graduate vacancies don't specify particular degree disciplines, so don't restrict your thinking to the jobs listed here.

geography prospects

Geographers look at issues from a wide perspective and develop a range of skills that are attractive to a very broad range of future employers. Specific technical skills directly relevant to geography-related careers include field work, research and report writing, preparing maps and diagrams, and using social survey and interpretative methods.
Geography graduates are also adept in collecting and analysing information using various technical and laboratory-based methods for the collection and analysis of spatial and environmental information (e.g. GIS, remote sensing and mathematical modelling) and recognising the moral and ethical issues involved in debates and enquiries.
In addition, during your multidisciplinary course you develop other personal and intellectual skills which are required by all employers, whether they are employing graduates in careers related to, or unrelated to, geography. These skills can be developed through your experience at university as a whole but also through your degree programme, as geography is very diverse and includes lots of hands-on, practical application work.
Skills you develop include analysing and problem-solving, decision-making, critically interpreting data and text, developing a reasoned argument, numerical skills (interpreting and presenting relevant numerical information), team-working, planning skills, presenting oral and written arguments and information, communication and technology skills (ICT) - including word processing, databases, internet communications, information retrieval and online searches.
Consider the skills developed on your course as well as through your other activities, such as paid work, volunteering, family responsibilities, sport, membership of societies, leadership roles, etc. Think about how these can be used as evidence of your skills and personal attributes. Then you can start to market and sell who you really are, identify what you may be lacking and consider how to improve your profile. Take a look at job application advice for some useful tips.

job options with degree

The career area you choose may depend on whether you are more interested in physical or human geography. You can consider jobs that are degree-related, jobs that appeal because they incorporate other interests or elements of your degree, or jobs that are not related to your degree at all.
These job options are just a small sample of the jobs open to geographers. Most will require some experience or further training after your degree. The Royal Geographical Society website has a useful careers section, and its booklet Going Places With Geography  includes interesting case studies of geography graduates and their varied career choices.

Jobs directly related to your degree

• Cartographer - evaluates sets of geographical data and presents the information in the form of diagrams, charts, spreadsheets and maps.
• Environmental consultant - collects and interprets data from a variety of sources to help formulate policies for clients. Works in air and land contamination, noise and water pollution or ecological land management.
• Geographical information systems officer - IT professional who uses computer-based systems to handle geographical information.
• Planning and development surveyor - investigates, plans and manages proposals either to build new developments or to organise the refurbishment of existing buildings.
• Secondary school teacher - you'll need to take a Postgraduate Certificate in Education (PGCE), a Professional Graduate Diploma in Education (PGDE) in Scotland or equivalent course, before you can teach geography in schools or colleges.
• Town planner - directs the planning of land use, trying to reconcile any conflicting demands such as the needs related to housing, the environment or recreation.
• Urban general practice surveyor - values, manages and markets residential and commercial property and may act as an agent for clients in the sale, purchase or leasing of property.

A range of jobs in physical systems and the natural environment is also available to geographers who undertake postgraduate study or research, including pollution analyst, earth scientist or coastal engineer.

Jobs where your degree would be useful

• Logistics and distribution manager - manages the supply, movement and storage of goods and materials through the whole supply chain process from manufacturer to customer.
• International aid/development worker - focuses on meeting the needs of people and communities in the developing world. The work may be located either in the UK or in a developing country or region.
• Local government officer - works in economic development and regeneration, transport, tourism, housing, environmental services (e.g. sustainability and recycling) or central services such as finance.
• Market researcher - performs a wide range of activities and will often specialise in a particular area such as consumer, industry or social and political research.
• Transport planner - devises transport strategies in line with government policies.

Other options

The technical and interpersonal skills you develop during your degree will equip you to apply for geography-related jobs when you graduate, but it is also useful to do some work-shadowing to find out about particular career areas that are of interest to you.
Although some of the jobs listed here might not be first jobs for many graduates, they are among the many realistic possibilities with your degree, provided you can demonstrate you have the attributes employers are looking for. Bear in mind that it’s not just your degree discipline that determines your options. Remember that many graduate vacancies don't specify particular degree disciplines, so don't restrict your thinking to the jobs listed here.